aav5-gfap-hm4d(gi)-mcherry  (Addgene inc)

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of simultaneous hemodynamic and astrocytic Ca 2+ imaging during 20-s optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons in awake mice. Astrocyte Ca 2+ was detected by expressing AAV5-gfaABC1D-cyto-GCaMP6f in the forelimb somatosensory cortex (S1FL) of SST-cre×Ai32 mice. b Representative activation maps and time courses of astrocytic Ca 2+ activity (green) and total hemoglobin (HbT; pink) in response to 20-Hz optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons. Blue time stamps indicate the stimulation period. On the right side, HbT and hemodynamic-corrected astrocytic Ca 2+ time courses for five stimulation blocks (indicated by 20-s horizontal bars) were extracted from a 1 mm circular region of interest (ROI) around the fiber tip. Black arrows indicate astrocyte Ca 2+ bursts. c Averaged HbT and astrocytic Ca 2+ time courses for one stimulation block ( n = 4 mice). Normalized HbT and astrocytic Ca 2+ time courses are presented in Supplementary Fig. . d Illustration of intracortical infusion of the SST receptor antagonist (CYN 154806) at the S1FL to block SST receptor signaling. e Representative astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT activation maps in response to 20-s optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons before and after CYN 154806 administration. f Averaged astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT responses ( n = 4 mice) to optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons before (yellow) and after CYN 154806 injection (black). Quantitative ∆ F / F and HbT averaged over the 26–35 s post-stimulus window are displayed on the far right side (paired sample, two-tailed t test, ** p = 0.0022 for astrocytic Ca 2+ ; ** p = 0.0085 for HbT). Open circles represent individual mice. g Similar as e , f but for injection of GABA B receptor antagonist (SCH 50911) ( n = 4 mice, paired sample, two-tailed t test, ** p = 0.0073 for astrocytic Ca 2+ ; ** p = 0.0064 for HbT). Blocking SST and GABA B receptors suppressed both astrocytic Ca 2+ activity and associated hemodynamic response. h Changes in HbT responses to optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons following SST or GABA B receptor blocking in both ROIs: the stimulation site (ROI stim ) and a surrounding area with a negative HbT response (ROI neg ). Data are from three mice (one mouse excluded per group due to the absence of a negative surround response during the 5–10 s window). Quantitative HbT values were averaged over the 6–15 s stimulation period. Open circles represent individual mice. Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. Color bar indicates ∆ F / F (%) for astrocyte Ca 2+ and percent change (%) for HbT. Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes, AAV5-GFAP-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry (Addgene, #50479) was injected in wild-type mice.

Techniques: Imaging, Expressing, Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Blocking Assay, Injection, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of the 30-s whisker air puff stimulation setup under awake conditions. b – d Results of SST sensor experiments. b Illustration of astrocyte-specific expression of the genetically encoded SST receptor sensor (SST1.0) via injection of AAV5-gfaABC1D-SST1.0 into the somatosensory barrel field (S1BL). c Representative time-dependent activation maps of SST1.0 fluorescence and total hemoglobin (HbT) in response to 30-s whisker air puff stimulation. Time courses were obtained from a 1-mm circular region of interest (ROI). d Averaged SST1.0 signal (green) and HbT time courses (red) ( n = 4 mice). e – h Results of astrocyte chemogenetic experiments. e Illustration of chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes by the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) agonist clozapine N-oxide (CNO) during 30-s whisker air puff stimulation. Both AAV5-gfaABC1D-cyto-GCaMP6f and AAV5-GFAP-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry were co-expressed in S1BL for astrocyte Ca 2+ imaging and astrocyte chemogenetic inhibition, respectively. f Representative astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT activation maps in response to 30-s whisker air puff stimulation before and after CNO injection. Activation maps are shown for the initial period (1–10 s) and the later period (21–30 s) of 30-s whisker stimulation. g , h Averaged astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT time courses before (yellow) and after CNO injection (black) ( n = 5 mice), extracted from a 1-mm circular ROI, shown in ( f ). Box plots on the right side show the area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate overall astrocyte Ca +2 responses (paired sample, two-tailed t test, * p = 0.0204). Box plots indicate the mean (center line), the 25th and 75th percentiles (box limits), and whiskers representing the 5th and 95th percentiles. Open circles represent individual mice. Right, the quantification of astrocyte Ca +2 ( n = 5 mice, paired sample, one-tailed t test, 1–10 s, * p = 0.0137; 11–20 s, n.s p = 0.0555; 21–30 s, * p = 0.0226) and HbT changes ( n = 5 mice, paired sample, two-tailed t test, 1–10 s, n.s p = 0.0630; 11–20 s, n.s p = 0.0927; 21–30 s, * p = 0.0199) for three 10-s time windows is also shown. i – l Results of SST receptor antagonist experiments. i Illustration of blocking SST receptors by CYN 154806. j – l Similar as ( f – h ), but for intracortical injection of CYN 154806 ( n = 6 mice). Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Note that HbT studies in response to whisker stimulation with chemogenetic inhibition of SST neurons are shown in Supplementary Fig. . Color bar indicates ∆ F / F (%) for SST1.0 signal or astrocyte Ca 2+ and percent change (%) for HbT. Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes, AAV5-GFAP-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry (Addgene, #50479) was injected in wild-type mice.

Techniques: Whisker Assay, Expressing, Injection, Activation Assay, Fluorescence, Inhibition, Imaging, Two Tailed Test, One-tailed Test, Blocking Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Prolonged forepaw somatosensory stimulation (20 s) was applied under ketamine/xylazine (Ket/Xyl) anesthesia. Corresponding data for brief stimulation (5 s) is shown in Supplementary Fig. . a Astrocytic Ca 2+ expression was achieved using gfaABC1D-cyto-GCaMP6f virus injection into the forelimb somatosensory cortex (S1FL) of wild-type mice (Astrocyte GCaMP6f group, n = 6 mice), while excitatory neuronal Ca 2+ expression was achieved using Thy1-GCaMP6f transgenic mice (Neuron GCaMP6f group, n = 6 mice). Expression of genetically encoded calcium indicators was confirmed by histological analysis from a representative animal in each group, using S100b (astrocyte marker), DAPI (nuclear stain), and green fluorescence. b Activation maps of astrocyte Ca 2+ , total hemoglobin (HbT) and neuron Ca 2+ in response to 20-s forepaw stimulation from representative animals. Activation maps are shown for the initial period (1–10 s) and the later period (11–20 s) of 20-s forepaw stimulation. The color bar indicates ∆ F / F (%) for astrocytic/neuronal Ca 2+ and percent change (%) for HbT. Time courses were obtained from a 1-mm circular region of interest (ROI) at the activation site. c , d Averaged astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT responses before and after CYN 154806 (SST receptor antagonist) administration in the astrocytic Ca 2+ group ( n = 6 mice). Values were quantified for three periods: initial (1–10 s), later (11–20 s), and post-stimulus (21–30 s). Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. e , f Same as ( c , d ) but for the neuronal Ca 2+ group ( n = 6 mice). Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. SST receptor blocking significantly reduced late and post-stimulus HbT and astrocytic Ca²⁺ responses, with no significant changes in neuronal Ca²⁺ activity. g Summary plots of post-CYN responses and pre–post differences in astrocytic and neuronal calcium activity ( n = 6 mice per group) and HbT ( n = 12 total mice) in response to SST receptor blocking. h Estimation of hemodynamic response function (HRF). The HRF of the SST neuron-astrocyte pathway was estimated by comparing changes in astrocytic Ca²⁺ signals (Pre–Post; pink) to corresponding changes in late-phase HbT responses (Pre–Post-CYN; pink), reflecting astrocyte-mediated vasodilation. In contrast, the HRF of excitatory neurons was derived from neuronal Ca²⁺ activity following SST receptor blockade (Post-CYN; black), correlated with the initial-phase HbT response (Post-CYN; black). The astrocytic HRF (pink) was slower and more sluggish than the excitatory neuronal HRF (black). Right, experimental and model-simulated HbT time courses are overlaid for comparison. Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes, AAV5-GFAP-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry (Addgene, #50479) was injected in wild-type mice.

Techniques: Expressing, Virus, Injection, Transgenic Assay, Marker, Staining, Fluorescence, Activation Assay, Two Tailed Test, Blocking Assay, Activity Assay, Derivative Assay, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: The diagram illustrates two distinct phases of vasodilation regulation: an initial response mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and/or excitatory neurons, followed by a delayed response involving astrocytes. This biphasic response is observed during both sustained optogenetic activation of somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons and sensory stimulation. The hemodynamic response exhibits different temporal dynamics depending on stimulus duration. Brief stimulation typically evokes a rapid vasodilation that quickly returns to baseline, whereas sustained stimulation (>10 s) elicits a multiphasic response comprising an initial fast vasodilation followed by a slower, prolonged vasodilation. Here, we propose a model involving SST interneuron-mediated signaling that accounts for these two phases during extended stimulation. a Optogenetic activation of SST neurons suppresses local excitatory activity via released GABA and simultaneously induces a rapid vasodilation through NO signaling. This initial vascular response is followed by a slower vasodilation, mediated by astrocytes in response to SST neuropeptide and GABA. Activation of astrocytic SST receptors and GABA B receptors elevates intracellular Ca 2+ , which in turn can trigger vasodilation through pathways involving epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), prostaglandins (PGs), and potassium ions K + , . b During sensory stimulation, thalamocortical afferents activate excitatory neurons, which initiate a rapid hemodynamic response via PGs or NO signaling , , . This excitatory activity also recruits SST interneurons and neighboring astrocytes. Activation of SST neurons further contributes to fast vasodilation through mechanisms similar to those described in ( a ). Subsequently, astrocytes, receiving sustained inputs from SST neurons, mediate the delayed, slower phase of vasodilation. Black arrows denote increased activity during stimulation, whereas gray arrows denote decreased activity.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes, AAV5-GFAP-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry (Addgene, #50479) was injected in wild-type mice.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Activity Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of neural recording experiments using a 16-channel electrode in response to 1 Hz and 20 Hz optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons under ketamine/xylazine (Ket/Xyl) anesthesia. Electrophysiology data of 5 Hz and 40 Hz are shown in Supplementary Fig. . b Averaged local field potential (LFP) traces during laser ON–OFF cycles ( n = 4 mice). For 1 Hz stimulation, 20 ON–OFF cycles were delivered (ON: 200 ms, OFF: 800 ms), and for 20 Hz stimulation, 400 cycles were delivered (ON: 10 ms, OFF: 40 ms), each over a 20-s stimulation period. c A representative raw voltage trace with spike detection threshold based on the high-frequency data (>300 Hz). d Raster plots from a representative animal, showing responses to 1 Hz and 20 Hz optogenetic stimulation. e Depth-dependent neural activity during 20 s of baseline and stimulation ( n = 4 mice). Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. f , g Heatmaps of depth-dependent multiunit activity (∆MUA) and corresponding all-channel-averaged ∆MUA time courses for 1 Hz and 20 Hz stimulation ( n = 4 mice), relative to baseline. h Averaged neural trace for a single ON–OFF cycle during 1 Hz (averaged from 20 cycles) and 20 Hz (averaged from 400 cycles) within the 20-s stimulation period. Total ∆MUA, shown in ( f ), was separated into ON period (SST neuron activation) and OFF period (SST neuron-mediated inhibition of excitatory neurons). i Averaged ∆MUA during total, ON and OFF periods ( n = 4 mice). Box plots show the mean (center line), the 25th and 75th percentiles (box limits), whiskers representing the 5th and 95th percentiles. Solid circles indicate individual mice. Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (one-way ANOVA repeated test, multiple comparison with Bonferroni). n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. Color bar indicates ∆MUA (spk/s). Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of SST neurons, AAV5-hSyn-DIO-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry virus (Addgene, #44362) or AAV5-hSyn-DIO-mCherry (control) was injected in SST-cre mice.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Two Tailed Test, Activation Assay, Inhibition, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of simultaneous hemodynamic and astrocytic Ca 2+ imaging during 20-s optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons in awake mice. Astrocyte Ca 2+ was detected by expressing AAV5-gfaABC1D-cyto-GCaMP6f in the forelimb somatosensory cortex (S1FL) of SST-cre×Ai32 mice. b Representative activation maps and time courses of astrocytic Ca 2+ activity (green) and total hemoglobin (HbT; pink) in response to 20-Hz optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons. Blue time stamps indicate the stimulation period. On the right side, HbT and hemodynamic-corrected astrocytic Ca 2+ time courses for five stimulation blocks (indicated by 20-s horizontal bars) were extracted from a 1 mm circular region of interest (ROI) around the fiber tip. Black arrows indicate astrocyte Ca 2+ bursts. c Averaged HbT and astrocytic Ca 2+ time courses for one stimulation block ( n = 4 mice). Normalized HbT and astrocytic Ca 2+ time courses are presented in Supplementary Fig. . d Illustration of intracortical infusion of the SST receptor antagonist (CYN 154806) at the S1FL to block SST receptor signaling. e Representative astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT activation maps in response to 20-s optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons before and after CYN 154806 administration. f Averaged astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT responses ( n = 4 mice) to optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons before (yellow) and after CYN 154806 injection (black). Quantitative ∆ F / F and HbT averaged over the 26–35 s post-stimulus window are displayed on the far right side (paired sample, two-tailed t test, ** p = 0.0022 for astrocytic Ca 2+ ; ** p = 0.0085 for HbT). Open circles represent individual mice. g Similar as e , f but for injection of GABA B receptor antagonist (SCH 50911) ( n = 4 mice, paired sample, two-tailed t test, ** p = 0.0073 for astrocytic Ca 2+ ; ** p = 0.0064 for HbT). Blocking SST and GABA B receptors suppressed both astrocytic Ca 2+ activity and associated hemodynamic response. h Changes in HbT responses to optogenetic stimulation of SST neurons following SST or GABA B receptor blocking in both ROIs: the stimulation site (ROI stim ) and a surrounding area with a negative HbT response (ROI neg ). Data are from three mice (one mouse excluded per group due to the absence of a negative surround response during the 5–10 s window). Quantitative HbT values were averaged over the 6–15 s stimulation period. Open circles represent individual mice. Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01. Color bar indicates ∆ F / F (%) for astrocyte Ca 2+ and percent change (%) for HbT. Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of SST neurons, AAV5-hSyn-DIO-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry virus (Addgene, #44362) or AAV5-hSyn-DIO-mCherry (control) was injected in SST-cre mice.

Techniques: Imaging, Expressing, Activation Assay, Activity Assay, Blocking Assay, Injection, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of the 30-s whisker air puff stimulation setup under awake conditions. b – d Results of SST sensor experiments. b Illustration of astrocyte-specific expression of the genetically encoded SST receptor sensor (SST1.0) via injection of AAV5-gfaABC1D-SST1.0 into the somatosensory barrel field (S1BL). c Representative time-dependent activation maps of SST1.0 fluorescence and total hemoglobin (HbT) in response to 30-s whisker air puff stimulation. Time courses were obtained from a 1-mm circular region of interest (ROI). d Averaged SST1.0 signal (green) and HbT time courses (red) ( n = 4 mice). e – h Results of astrocyte chemogenetic experiments. e Illustration of chemogenetic inhibition of astrocytes by the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) agonist clozapine N-oxide (CNO) during 30-s whisker air puff stimulation. Both AAV5-gfaABC1D-cyto-GCaMP6f and AAV5-GFAP-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry were co-expressed in S1BL for astrocyte Ca 2+ imaging and astrocyte chemogenetic inhibition, respectively. f Representative astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT activation maps in response to 30-s whisker air puff stimulation before and after CNO injection. Activation maps are shown for the initial period (1–10 s) and the later period (21–30 s) of 30-s whisker stimulation. g , h Averaged astrocytic Ca 2+ and HbT time courses before (yellow) and after CNO injection (black) ( n = 5 mice), extracted from a 1-mm circular ROI, shown in ( f ). Box plots on the right side show the area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate overall astrocyte Ca +2 responses (paired sample, two-tailed t test, * p = 0.0204). Box plots indicate the mean (center line), the 25th and 75th percentiles (box limits), and whiskers representing the 5th and 95th percentiles. Open circles represent individual mice. Right, the quantification of astrocyte Ca +2 ( n = 5 mice, paired sample, one-tailed t test, 1–10 s, * p = 0.0137; 11–20 s, n.s p = 0.0555; 21–30 s, * p = 0.0226) and HbT changes ( n = 5 mice, paired sample, two-tailed t test, 1–10 s, n.s p = 0.0630; 11–20 s, n.s p = 0.0927; 21–30 s, * p = 0.0199) for three 10-s time windows is also shown. i – l Results of SST receptor antagonist experiments. i Illustration of blocking SST receptors by CYN 154806. j – l Similar as ( f – h ), but for intracortical injection of CYN 154806 ( n = 6 mice). Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table (paired sample, two-tailed t test). n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Note that HbT studies in response to whisker stimulation with chemogenetic inhibition of SST neurons are shown in Supplementary Fig. . Color bar indicates ∆ F / F (%) for SST1.0 signal or astrocyte Ca 2+ and percent change (%) for HbT. Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of SST neurons, AAV5-hSyn-DIO-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry virus (Addgene, #44362) or AAV5-hSyn-DIO-mCherry (control) was injected in SST-cre mice.

Techniques: Whisker Assay, Expressing, Injection, Activation Assay, Fluorescence, Inhibition, Imaging, Two Tailed Test, One-tailed Test, Blocking Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Somatostatin-expressing interneurons induce early NO-driven and late specific astrocyte-mediated vasodilation

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-61771-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of cerebral blood volume (CBV)-weighted fMRI experiments at 15.2 T in response to 20-s forepaw stimulation under dexmedetomidine/isoflurane (Dex/Iso) anesthesia. SST-Cre mice received intracortical injections of AAV5-hSyn-hM4Di-DIO-mCherry into the left forelimb somatosensory cortex (S1FL) 3–4 weeks prior to imaging. Control data using AAV5-hSyn-DIO-mCherry are shown in Supplementary Fig. . BOLD fMRI was first used for identifying the S1FL area, followed by high-resolution CBV-weighted fMRI before and after inhibition of SST interneurons with intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg Clozapine N-Oxide (CNO). CBV contrast was achieved by intravenous injection of with 45 mg/kg iron oxide nanoparticles (MION). b Representative histological confirmation of hM4Di-mCherry expression in SST neurons in S1FL. Arrows indicate SST-positive neurons. c Conventional high-resolution fast low-angle shot (FLASH) images (in-plane resolution: 125 × 125 μm 2 ; echo time: 3 ms) were obtained to enhance CBV sensitivity with minimal image distortion. Representative FLASH images before and after MION injection illustrate the CBV contrast enhancement. Group-averaged activation maps ( n = 8 mice) were obtained before and after CNO injection. The black contour outlines the common active voxels used as the region of interest (ROI) for time course analysis. d Cortical flattening method (adapted from our previous study ) for laminar visualization. The yellow rectangular ROI indicates the S1FL region. e , f Time-dependent group-averaged CBV response maps to 20-s forepaw stimulation before and after CNO injection ( n = 8 mice). Yellow time stamps indicate the forepaw stimulation period. Cortical layers were identified by the relative depth from the surface to the corpus callosum, as referenced from the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas (see Supplementary Fig. ). g Group-averaged spatiotemporal CBV response profiles across cortical depth before and after CNO injection ( n = 8 mice). The x axis represents time after stimulus onset, and the y axis indicates cortical depth. Layer-specific time courses are shown in Supplementary Fig. . h Layer-specific CBV response profiles averaged in 5-s bins following stimulus onset, comparing pre- and post-CNO responses ( n = 8 mice). Inhibition of SST interneurons abolishes the laminar specificity of late CBV responses, particularly in layer 4. i Quantification of CBV responses during the late (11–20 s) period of forepaw stimulation across cortical layers, pre- vs. post-CNO ( n = 8 mice). Box plots show the mean (center line), the 25th and 75th percentiles (box limits), whiskers representing the 5th and 95th percentiles. Open circles represent individual mice. Quantitative CBV changes during the early (1–10 s) and post-stimulus (21–30 s) periods are shown in Supplementary Fig. . Exact p values are shown in Supplementary Table . n.s not significant; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 (one-way ANOVA repeated test, multiple comparison with Turkey). Color bar indicates fMRI signal changes (%). Data are presented as mean ± SEM across animals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: For chemogenetic inhibition of SST neurons, AAV5-hSyn-DIO-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry virus (Addgene, #44362) or AAV5-hSyn-DIO-mCherry (control) was injected in SST-cre mice.

Techniques: Imaging, Control, Inhibition, Injection, Expressing, Activation Assay, Comparison